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Related Concept Videos

Trigonometric Substitution01:23

Trigonometric Substitution

75
Trigonometric substitution is a technique used to simplify integrals that contain square root expressions involving quadratic forms. It is particularly effective when the integrand includes terms resembling those found in standard geometric equations, such as circles or ellipses.Molniya satellites follow highly elliptical orbits, repeatedly sweeping out the same regions of space as they revolve around Earth. To estimate the area enclosed by such an orbit, the path is modeled as an ellipse...
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Rationalizing Substitutions01:29

Rationalizing Substitutions

62
Integrals involving non-rational functions are often difficult to evaluate using standard techniques, especially when radicals appear in the integrand. Rationalizing substitution provides a systematic method for simplifying such integrals by converting them into rational forms that are easier to handle.Consider a rod whose linear mass density depends on a constant linear density, a characteristic length, and the distance from the left end of the rod. Determining the total mass requires...
62
Evaluating Limits by Direct Substitution01:29

Evaluating Limits by Direct Substitution

186
In the analysis of functions that represent continuous physical phenomena, it is often necessary to determine the output value as the input approaches a specific point. When a combination of algebraic terms defines the function and exhibits no discontinuities or abrupt changes near the point of interest, the limit of the function can be evaluated directly. This process, known as direct substitution, involves replacing the variable in the expression with the value it approaches.Direct...
186
Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

8.6K
Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...
8.6K
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

3.4K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
3.4K
Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

15.4K
This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Modeling Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage Through Intraventricular Injection of Hemoglobin
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Modeling Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage Through Intraventricular Injection of Hemoglobin

Published on: August 25, 2022

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Nanobiotechnology for hemoglobin-based blood substitutes.

T M S Chang1

  • 1Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. artcell.med@mcgill.ca

Critical Care Clinics
|April 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Nanobiotechnology advances create novel oxygen carriers and antioxidants from hemoglobin complexes. These nanodimension assemblies offer therapeutic potential for ischemia-reperfusion injuries and blood loss.

Area of Science:

  • Nanobiotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nanobiotechnology enables the creation of complex nanodimension structures from biological molecules.
  • Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are being developed as blood substitutes.
  • Ischemia-reperfusion injuries and extensive blood loss present significant clinical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop advanced nanobiotechnological constructs for medical applications.
  • To create novel oxygen carriers with enhanced functionalities.
  • To explore therapeutic applications for conditions involving oxygen deprivation and blood loss.

Main Methods:

  • Assembling hemoglobin molecules into soluble nanodimension complexes (polyhemoglobin).
  • Incorporating enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase into nanodimension complexes for antioxidant properties.

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  • Creating polyhemoglobin-fibrinogen complexes for oxygen transport and platelet-like activity.
  • Developing nanodimension artificial red blood cells containing hemoglobin and red blood cell enzymes.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully prepared soluble nanodimension polyhemoglobin as an oxygen carrier.
    • Developed nanodimension complexes of hemoglobin, catalase, and superoxide dismutase acting as oxygen carriers and antioxidants.
    • Created polyhemoglobin-fibrinogen complexes with oxygen-carrying and platelet-like functions for blood loss treatment.
    • Advanced towards the creation of artificial red blood cells with comprehensive red blood cell functions.

    Conclusions:

    • Nanobiotechnological assembly offers a versatile platform for creating advanced biomaterials.
    • These novel hemoglobin-based nanodimension complexes show promise as oxygen therapeutics and antioxidants.
    • The developed constructs have potential applications in treating ischemia-reperfusion injuries and as blood substitutes in massive hemorrhage scenarios.