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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
07:08

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Published on: August 1, 2018

Visual adaptation to convexity in macaque area V4.

K-M Müller1, M Wilke, D A Leopold

  • 1Unit on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 49, Room B2J-45 MSC 4400, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Neuroscience
|April 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Neural adaptation to shape stimuli causes aftereffects, perceptual illusions. Neurons in the V4 area of monkey brains shift their tuning, contributing to these shape aftereffects and influencing convexity perception.

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Visualizing Visual Adaptation
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04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Aftereffects are perceptual illusions resulting from visual adaptation.
  • Neurophysiological studies link adaptation to reduced neural firing rates and altered tuning.
  • Shape adaptation, specifically to convexity, can distort subsequent shape perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of V4 neurons in shape-specific adaptation.
  • Determine if V4 neuronal responses contribute to the convexity aftereffect.

Main Methods:

  • Monitored visually responsive neurons in rhesus monkeys' V4 area.
  • Presented simple shapes varying in convexity after adaptation to convex or concave stimuli.
  • Recorded neuronal responses to assess tuning shifts and adaptation effects.

Main Results:

  • Adaptation shifted neuronal tuning away from the adapter stimulus.
  • Neuronal responses to neutral shapes shifted towards the opposite convexity.
  • Observed both nonspecific and stimulus-specific decreases in neuronal response magnitude.

Conclusions:

  • V4 neurons exhibit shape-specific adaptation.
  • These neuronal adaptations in V4 likely contribute to the perception of convexity aftereffects.
  • Findings provide a neural basis for shape-specific visual adaptation.