Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 11, 2026

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
Published on: May 23, 2025
Extravasation injuries in the upper extremity
1Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado.
Abstract:
Fourteen patients with intravenous extravasations of chemotherapeutic medications, radiographic contrast agents, vasopressors, fluorescein, or albumin/potassium phosphate were evaluated with regard to function and cosmesis. The average follow-up period was 8.4 months (range, one-24 months). Five patients initially were managed conservatively and, after demarcation of the necrotic area, had surgical procedures for skin coverage. Four of these patients had poor functional and cosmetic results. The remaining patient had an excellent final result. Because of the generally poor results observed in the aforementioned patients, a program of early recognition and surgical intervention in selected extravasation cases was instituted. Following this change, eight of nine patients had good or excellent results. Early surgical involvement in the evaluation of extravasations, with and early surgical drainage and irrigation in selected severe cases, appears to improve the outcome of these iatrogenic injuries.
Related Concept Videos
Burn Injuries
The damage results in the death of skin cells, which can lead to a massive loss of fluid. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and renal and circulatory failure follow, which can be fatal. Burn patients are treated with intravenous fluids to offset...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia
One of the advantages of...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs
Veins of Upper Limbs
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...
Hemodialysis I: Introduction

