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Enteroviruses other than poliovirus
Insights
Enteroviruses, particularly Coxsackievirus B, are linked to viral heart disease. Other enteroviruses are implicated in nephritis, diabetes, and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, with Enterovirus 70 causing a pandemic eye infection.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Enteroviruses are a group of viruses known to cause various human illnesses.
- Their association with specific diseases like cardiac conditions, nephritis, diabetes, and conjunctivitis requires detailed examination.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the established and suspected roles of enteroviruses in specific diseases.
- To highlight the causative agents and epidemiological patterns of these enteroviral infections.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of documented cases and etiological studies.
- Analysis of viral typing and disease association data.
Main Results:
- Coxsackievirus B (CBV) types 1-5 are primary causes of viral heart disease; Coxsackievirus A and echoviruses are also implicated.
- Enteroviruses, particularly CBV 3 and 4, are suspected in nephritis, pancreatitis, and diabetes, though evidence is controversial.
- Enterovirus 70 is the confirmed cause of a pandemic hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, with potential neurovirulence and risk of motor paralysis.
Conclusions:
- Enteroviruses play a significant role in diverse human pathologies, notably viral myocarditis.
- Further research is necessary to clarify the controversial links between enteroviruses and metabolic/renal diseases.
- Enterovirus 70 represents a significant global health concern due to its rapid spread and potential neurological complications.
Abstract:
The role of enteroviruses in certain specific disease--cardiac disease, nephritis, diabetes, and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis--is examined. It has now been well documented that Coxsackievirus B (types CB1 through CB5 but not CB6) is the main pathogen involved in various clinical forms of viral heart disease. Coxsackievirus A (CA4 and CA16) and echovirus (types 9 and 22) may also be associated with viral heart disease. In regard to the etiologic role of enteroviruses in nephritis, pancreatitis, and diabetes, again CBV, especially CB3 and CB4, has been suspected, but the data are controversial and further studies are needed. Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, a newly observed clinical entity, is caused by enterovirus 70. It has spread to four continents (not including the Americas) in a pandemic fashion since 1969 and is now one of the common eye infections in these areas. The virus has some neurovirulence, and motor paralysis is known to occur as a complication; hence it should be carefully watched in the future.