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Related Concept Videos

Electrodes: Overview01:17

Electrodes: Overview

Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in the...
Types of Reversible Electrodes01:24

Types of Reversible Electrodes

For electrode reversibility to be maintained, all the reactants and products involved in the half-reaction must be present at the electrode. There are several types of reversible electrodes (half-cells).In metal-metal-ion electrodes, a metal balances electrochemically with a solution of its own ions. Examples are Cu2+|Cu and Zn2+|Zn. Metals that react with the solvent, like group 1 and most group 2 metals, which react with water, and zinc, which reacts with aqueous acidic solutions, cannot be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications
09:35

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Published on: October 4, 2016

A flat interface nerve electrode with integrated multiplexer.

Zeng Lertmanorat1, Fred W Montague, Dominique M Durand

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya 73170, Thailand. egzlm@mahidol.ac.th

IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
|April 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel 32-channel peripheral nerve cuff electrode with embedded multiplexers, reducing lead wires for selective nerve stimulation. This feasibility study advances targeted axon activation technology.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Implantable Devices

Background:

  • Selective activation of specific axons within a nerve trunk is a key goal in peripheral nerve electrode development.
  • Existing designs like the Flat Interface Nerve Electrode (FINE) show promise but often require numerous leads, complicating implantation and increasing nerve damage risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and test a multiplexed peripheral nerve cuff electrode that reduces the number of required lead wires for controlling 32 channels.
  • To explore two circuit designs (single-supply and dual-supply) for embedded multiplexing on a polyimide film substrate.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a 32-channel cuff electrode with an integrated electronic module using surface-mounted, off-the-shelf components on a polyimide film.
  • Implemented two circuit designs: a 2-wire single-supply (cathodic-first pulse) and a 3-wire dual-supply (arbitrary waveform).
  • Characterized electrode contacts (300 µm x 400 µm) with access resistance < 1 kΩ within a 1 mm x 8 mm opening.

Main Results:

  • Successfully embedded multiplexers into a FINE-based electrode, significantly reducing the number of required external connections for 32 channels.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of two distinct circuit designs for controlling the 32-channel electrode, each with specific waveform capabilities and lead wire requirements.
  • The electrode design, while not for long-term use, provides a viable platform for future development.

Conclusions:

  • The developed multiplexed nerve cuff electrode represents a significant step towards simplifying the implantation and use of multi-channel nerve stimulation devices.
  • This feasibility study validates the integration of multiplexing electronics directly onto the electrode substrate, paving the way for more complex and less invasive neural interfaces.
  • Future iterations will focus on low-water-absorption materials and application-specific integrated circuits for enhanced long-term performance and functionality.