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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

An Immunological Model for Heterotopic Heart and Cardiac Muscle Cell Transplantation in Rats
09:25

An Immunological Model for Heterotopic Heart and Cardiac Muscle Cell Transplantation in Rats

Published on: May 8, 2020

Acute cellular rejection.

Mohammad-Reza Ganji1, Behrooz Broumand

  • 1Department of Nephrology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mreza@ganji.ir

Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
|April 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute kidney allograft rejection, occurring in 15% of cases, is diagnosed via biopsy and characterized by interstitial inflammation. Treatment involves steroids, with alternatives for resistant cases, impacting long-term graft survival.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

An Immunological Model for Heterotopic Heart and Cardiac Muscle Cell Transplantation in Rats
09:25

An Immunological Model for Heterotopic Heart and Cardiac Muscle Cell Transplantation in Rats

Published on: May 8, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Transplantation Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Acute kidney allograft rejection affects approximately 15% of recipients.
  • Clinical definition involves serum creatinine elevation (>0.3 mg/dL) and is confirmed by kidney biopsy.
  • Pathological findings include interstitial edema, CD4/CD8 lymphocyte infiltration, and tubulitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies for acute cellular rejection in kidney transplant recipients.
  • To differentiate acute cellular rejection from other causes of allograft dysfunction.
  • To discuss factors influencing the prognosis of kidney transplant patients experiencing rejection.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, laboratory tests (serum creatinine, drug levels), physical examination, and ultrasonography.
  • Kidney biopsy with histopathological examination and specific staining (CD20, C4d) is crucial for diagnosis.
  • Proteomic studies and assessment of lymphocyte activation markers aid in diagnosis, especially in refractory cases.

Main Results:

  • Acute cellular rejection is characterized by interstitial edema, lymphocyte infiltration, and tubulitis, with typically negative C4d staining.
  • Differential diagnosis includes prerenal factors, interstitial nephritis, infection, acute tubular necrosis, drug toxicity, and urinary tract obstruction.
  • Treatment protocols involve pulse steroids for initial episodes, with thymoglobulin or OKT3 as second-line options for deteriorating graft function.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of acute cellular rejection requires timely diagnosis through biopsy and appropriate treatment escalation.
  • Adjusting immunosuppressive protocols (e.g., switching from cyclosporine to tacrolimus) can improve outcomes.
  • Prognosis is influenced by the number of rejection episodes, treatment response, and timing relative to transplantation.