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Related Experiment Video

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Simulation of Early Earth Hydrothermal Chimneys in a Thermal Gradient Environment

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Published on: February 27, 2021

Fatal fall into a volcanic fumarole.

Lee Cantrell¹, Michael Young

¹California Prison Control System, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103-8925, USA. fcantrel@ucsd.edu

Wilderness & Environmental Medicine

|April 15, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Three ski patrol members died from asphyxiation after a volcanic vent collapsed at a California ski resort. This highlights the hidden dangers of toxic volcanic gases, especially in winter conditions.

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Area of Science:

Geology
Environmental Science
Toxicology

Background:

Fatalities from volcanic gases are rare in the United States.
Volcanic fumaroles can release dangerous concentrations of toxic gases.

Observation:

Three ski patrol members died after a snow collapse into a volcanic fumarole at a California ski resort.
Victims lost consciousness rapidly upon entering the gas-filled pit.
Autopsies confirmed death by suffocation/asphyxiation.

Findings:

The Mammoth Mountain Fumarole (MMF) emits high levels of carbon dioxide (97-99%), with smaller amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases.
Acute asphyxiation is the likely cause of death, potentially exacerbated by toxic gas effects.
Winter snowpack can conceal fumaroles, creating hazardous gas-filled pits.

Implications:

Increased awareness of volcanic hazards is crucial for personnel in volcanically active areas during winter.
Proper safety protocols and gas monitoring are essential to prevent future fatalities.
This incident underscores the importance of understanding geological risks in recreational and work environments.