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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:28

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per minute.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
06:45

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 4, 2021

Paroxysmal dyskinesias.

Shyamal H Mehta1, John C Morgan, Kapil D Sethi

  • 1Shyamal H. Mehta, MD, PhD Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, 1429 Harper Street, HF-1121, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. shmehta@mcg.edu.

Current Treatment Options in Neurology
|April 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paroxysmal dyskinesias are rare movement disorders. Anticonvulsants are effective for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, suggesting a channelopathy basis for these conditions.

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Published on: November 21, 2013

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Paroxysmal dyskinesias are rare movement disorders impacting adults and children.
  • They are classified into four types based on triggers: kinesigenic, nonkinesigenic, exertion-induced, and hypnogenic.
  • These conditions can be sporadic, familial, or secondary to other disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification, genetic basis, and management of paroxysmal dyskinesias.
  • To highlight recent genetic discoveries and their implications for understanding pathophysiology.
  • To discuss current and potential therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of paroxysmal dyskinesias.
  • Summary of genetic findings for different subtypes.
  • Overview of clinical management and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is linked to chromosome 16.
  • Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) is associated with MR-1 gene mutations.
  • Paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia (PED) is linked to GLUT1 gene mutations.
  • Anticonvulsants show significant efficacy in PKD, suggesting channelopathy.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic discoveries are crucial for understanding paroxysmal dyskinesia pathophysiology.
  • Lifestyle modifications and anticonvulsants are key management strategies.
  • Further research into underlying mechanisms is needed for targeted therapies.