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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

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Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
08:07

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Published on: September 6, 2017

HLA and infectious diseases.

Jenefer M Blackwell1, Sarra E Jamieson, David Burgner

  • 1Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6872. jmb37@cam.ac.uk

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|April 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci were once thought to be key genetic factors for infectious disease susceptibility. This review re-evaluates their role given new genomic and immunity insights.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Human genetics
  • Infectious disease research

Background:

  • Classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have long been implicated in infectious disease susceptibility.
  • The extreme variability at HLA loci was hypothesized to result from infectious disease selective pressures.
  • Advances in genomics and immunology necessitate a re-evaluation of HLA's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically assess the evidence linking classical HLA loci to infectious disease susceptibility.
  • To identify limitations in current data regarding HLA and infectious diseases.
  • To explore how new technologies can advance understanding of HLA's role.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and critical analysis of existing studies.
  • Examination of historical and contemporary data on HLA and infectious diseases.
  • Discussion of emerging methodologies in immunogenetics and genomics.

Main Results:

  • The review highlights the historical significance of HLA loci in infectious disease research.
  • It identifies gaps and limitations in the current body of evidence.
  • It points to the potential of new technologies for future discoveries.

Conclusions:

  • Classical HLA loci remain important, but their role in infectious disease susceptibility requires updated evaluation.
  • Further research integrating advanced genomic and immunologic techniques is crucial.
  • A nuanced understanding of HLA's contribution, beyond simple susceptibility, is needed.