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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants

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Published on: June 9, 2022

Virological rebound and its consequences during treatment interruption.

Jan van Lunzen¹, Christian Hoffmann

¹University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and Heinrich-Pette Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany. v.lunzen@uke.uni-hamburg.de

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

|April 18, 2009

Summary

Stopping antiretroviral therapy in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection leads to inevitable viral rebound and immune activation. This increases risks for clinical events, comorbidities, and HIV transmission, making treatment interruptions not recommended outside clinical trials.

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Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection requires long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Understanding the consequences of ART interruption is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on virological rebound after ART interruption in chronic HIV-1 infection.
To outline the immunological and clinical consequences of virological rebound.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on HIV-1 treatment interruption.
Analysis of virological, immunological, and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

Plasma viremia invariably rebounds to pretherapy set point levels after ART interruption in most patients.
Virological rebound causes significant immune activation, increased T-cell turnover, and biphasic decay of CD4+ T-helper cells.
Treatment interruption is associated with increased risks of clinical events, comorbidities (e.g., hepatitis, renal impairment), cardiovascular disease, and HIV transmission.

Conclusions:

Treatment interruptions are not recommended for patients with chronic HIV-1 infection outside of clinical trials.
Particular caution is advised for patients with pre-existing profound immune deficiency.