Treatment interruption to boost specific HIV immunity in acute infection

To understand the potential benefits and limitations of the treatment of acute, or primary, HIV infection followed by supervised treatment interruptions as a strategy to augment immune responses.

Although this strategy led to the short-term control of virus replication after treatment interruption, follow-up data showed limited durability of control, and additional studies of short-term treatment in primary HIV infection show either a modest or no long-term benefit on CD4 cell counts and viral loads when compared with no therapy. Studies of gut-associated lymphatic tissue provide insights into the limitations of this approach because there has already been a massive destruction of the CD4 memory T-cell compartment by the time of symptomatic primary HIV infection by AIDS-associated retroviruses, which occurs before the emergence of cellular immune responses.

There is currently no confirmed benefit of treatment of primary HIV infection by antiviral therapy alone in terms of disease progression and HIV-specific T-cell responses once therapy is interrupted. Supervised treatment interruption in acute HIV infection treated by antiviral therapy alone should probably not be used as a therapeutic strategy. This approach should be differentiated from early treatment itself, with or without immune augmentation, which deserves further investigation.