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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
04:05

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Published on: October 6, 2023

Gallbladder motor function in patients with different thyroid hormone status.

M Cakir1, E Kayacetin, H Toy

  • 1Meram School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey. cakirmehtap@yahoo.com

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [And] German Diabetes Association
|April 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid function, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, impacts bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. This study found no significant differences in gallbladder motor function between euthyroid, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid individuals using ultrasonography.

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A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
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Published on: October 6, 2023

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism) is linked to altered cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis.
  • Previous research suggests a higher prevalence of gallstones and common bile duct stones in hypothyroid patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare gallbladder (GB) motor function in euthyroid, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid individuals.
  • To investigate the impact of thyroid hormone status on gallbladder motility.

Main Methods:

  • Conventional ultrasonography was used to measure fasting and post-stimulus gallbladder volumes.
  • Age, sex, and BMI-matched cohorts of euthyroid (n=18), hypothyroid (n=14), and hyperthyroid (n=20) subjects were studied.
  • Exclusion criteria included diseases or medications affecting biliary function.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant differences were observed in fasting GB volume, post-stimulus GB volume, or GB ejection fraction among the three groups.
  • The study highlights the complexities of accurately measuring GB motility due to intermittent emptying and refilling.

Conclusions:

  • Conventional ultrasonography did not reveal significant differences in gallbladder motor function based on thyroid hormone status.
  • Cholescintigraphy may offer a more comprehensive assessment of absolute gallbladder emptying, unaffected by GB filling, for a complete evaluation.