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Related Concept Videos

Therapeutic Communication01:30

Therapeutic Communication

Communication is a lifelong learning process. Through therapeutic communication, nurses can collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact during nursing interventions. Sending and receiving messages occur through verbal and nonverbal communication techniques and can happen separately or simultaneously.
Verbal communication depends on language or a prescribed way of using words so that people can share information effectively. The critical aspects of verbal...
Techniques of therapeutic communication I: Active Listening, Sharing Observations, Validation, and Using Touch01:15

Techniques of therapeutic communication I: Active Listening, Sharing Observations, Validation, and Using Touch

The history of therapeutic communication can be traced back to Florence Nightingale, who emphasized the importance of developing trusting relationships with patients. She taught that the presence of nurses with patients results in therapeutic healing.
Therapeutic communication is not the same as social interaction. Social interaction has no goal or purpose and consists of casual information sharing, whereas therapeutic communication has a plan or purpose for the conversation. Therapeutic...
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...
Role of Communication in the Nursing Process III: Evaluation and Documentation01:08

Role of Communication in the Nursing Process III: Evaluation and Documentation

A successful patient outcome depends mainly on the evaluation stage of the nursing process. Evaluation determines effectiveness by reviewing what was done previously after the completion of nursing interventions. Every time a healthcare professional steps in or administers treatment, they must reassess or evaluate the action to ensure the intended result. During the evaluation phase, there are three probable patient outcomes:
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
Nursing Evaluation01:15

Nursing Evaluation

The evaluation stage signals the end of the nursing process. The nurse gathers evaluative data to assess whether or not the patient has attained the expected results. Whereas the nurse collects data in the nursing assessment to identify the patient's health concerns, the evaluation stage data determines if the indicated health issues are resolved. Evaluative data collection includes two sections: the data acquired to evaluate patient outcomes and the time criteria for data collection.
Section...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing
06:58

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

Published on: January 24, 2020

Brief communication: Evaluating grandmother effects.

Kristen Hawkes1, Ken R Smith

  • 1Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. hawkes@anthro.utah.edu

American Journal of Physical Anthropology
|April 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Natural selection influences postreproductive women, impacting gene survival through grandmother effects. Research shows grandmother longevity may correlate with fewer grandchildren, even with positive effects.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing
06:58

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

Published on: January 24, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Human demography
  • Anthropology

Background:

  • Postreproductive women, traditionally termed postmenopausal, contribute to descendant survival and fertility, influencing gene propagation.
  • Grandmother effects, representing these contributions, are measurable but complicated by unmeasured factors like mortality and fertility shifts.
  • Previous studies suggest a negative correlation between grandmother longevity and grandchild count in specific populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of natural selection on the postreproductive stage of human life history.
  • To examine how cohort shifts in mortality and fertility, and maternal age at death, complicate the measurement of grandmother effects.
  • To test the hypothesis that grandmother longevity is associated with fewer grandchildren, even when underlying grandmother effects are positive.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Utah Population Database, a comprehensive multi-generational dataset.
  • Analyzed data incorporating births and deaths across several generations.
  • Focused on controlling for cohort effects in mortality and fertility, and maternal age at death.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that grandmother longevity can be associated with a reduced number of grandchildren.
  • This association was observed even when accounting for positive underlying grandmother effects.
  • Findings align with previous research in Costa Rican populations, suggesting a broader phenomenon.

Conclusions:

  • Natural selection actively shapes the postreproductive stage, challenging the notion of it being solely postreproductive.
  • The measurement of grandmother effects requires careful consideration of demographic complexities.
  • Longevity in grandmothers may not always translate to a direct increase in grandchild numbers, despite potential genetic benefits.