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Related Concept Videos

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins
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Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins

Published on: July 8, 2025

Host mixing and disease emergence.

Rebecca Benmayor1, David J Hodgson, Gabriel G Perron

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.

Current Biology : CB
|April 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Disease emergence is influenced by host mixing. Parasite adaptation to new hosts occurs only at specific susceptible host frequencies, suggesting ecological factors can mitigate disease spread.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Ecology
  • Pathogen adaptation

Background:

  • Emergent diseases highlight the need to understand parasite adaptation to novel hosts.
  • Host switching involves trade-offs: increased mutation supply but reduced selection pressure.
  • Disease emergence probability may peak at intermediate susceptible host frequencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ecological conditions favoring parasite adaptation to novel hosts.
  • To test the hypothesis that disease emergence peaks at intermediate susceptible host frequencies.

Main Methods:

  • Evolutionary experiments with viruses and bacteria under varying host frequencies.
  • Quantifying viral adaptation to resistant hosts across a spectrum of susceptible host presence.

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Generation of a Bovine Primary Enteroid-Derived Two-Dimensional Monolayer Culture System for Applications in Translational Biomedical Research
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Generation of a Bovine Primary Enteroid-Derived Two-Dimensional Monolayer Culture System for Applications in Translational Biomedical Research

Published on: April 5, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins
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Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins

Published on: July 8, 2025

Generation of a Bovine Primary Enteroid-Derived Two-Dimensional Monolayer Culture System for Applications in Translational Biomedical Research
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Generation of a Bovine Primary Enteroid-Derived Two-Dimensional Monolayer Culture System for Applications in Translational Biomedical Research

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Main Results:

  • Adaptation to resistant hosts was detected only when susceptible hosts were rare (0.1%-1%).
  • Higher susceptible host frequencies reduced selection for novel host adaptation.
  • Lower susceptible host frequencies limited the supply of beneficial mutations.

Conclusions:

  • Parasite adaptation to novel hosts is constrained by specific ecological conditions.
  • Modulating contact rates between host species could be a strategy to prevent disease emergence.