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Conflict effects without conflict in anterior cingulate cortex: multiple response effects and context specific

Joshua W Brown¹

¹Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E Tenth St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. jwmbrown@indiana.edu

|April 21, 2009

Summary

A computational model predicts that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity can arise from multiple simultaneous responses, not just conflict. Experiments confirm this "multiple response effect" and show context-dependent conflict signals in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in error likelihood and conflict monitoring.
A computational model previously predicted error likelihood and risk prediction effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To test the prediction that ACC activity may reflect simultaneously active responses, independent of response conflict.
To investigate the context-dependency of conflict signals in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).

Main Methods:

Modified Eriksen flanker task with conditions requiring simultaneous responses.
Change signal task to assess context-dependence of conflict signals.
Analysis of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ACC activation using fMRI.

Main Results:

Small but significant medial PFC effects were observed in incongruent vs. congruent conditions lacking response conflict, supporting the multiple response effect.
Actual response conflict elicited greater ACC activation than the multiple response effect.
Conflict signals in the ACC demonstrated context-dependence, not solely driven by error likelihood.

Conclusions:

Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) monitors a broader range of motor signals than previously thought.
Distinct effects of multiple responses, conflict, and error likelihood are present in the mPFC.
Conflict signals in the ACC are context-specific and influenced by task demands, such as bimanual responses.