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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation, polyethylene glycol...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope
08:09

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

Published on: March 24, 2017

What is a B-cell epitope?

Marc H V Van Regenmortel1

  • 1Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding protein antigenicity is key. Epitopes, the parts proteins use to bind antibodies, have fuzzy boundaries, limiting antibody specificity and vaccine development. Distinguishing antigenicity from immunogenicity is crucial for successful peptide vaccines.

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A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes
07:59

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Published on: March 25, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope
08:09

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

Published on: March 24, 2017

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes
07:59

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Published on: March 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Protein Chemistry
  • Vaccine Development

Background:

  • Protein antigenicity is determined by various antigenic determinants, including continuous and discontinuous epitopes, cryptotopes, neotopes, and mimotopes.
  • Epitopes possess indistinct boundaries, and their identification relies on their capacity to bind specific antibodies.
  • Antigenic cross-reactivity is prevalent due to antibodies recognizing numerous related epitopes, thereby compromising antibody specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between antigenicity (the ability of an epitope to react with an antibody) and immunogenicity (the ability to induce antibodies).
  • To analyze the limitations in epitope prediction methods and their low success rates.
  • To provide insights into the challenges hindering the development of successful peptide-based vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on protein antigenicity and epitope mapping.
  • Analysis of antibody-epitope interactions and cross-reactivity phenomena.
  • Discussion of computational and experimental methods for epitope prediction.

Main Results:

  • Epitope identification is inherently challenging due to their dynamic and fuzzy nature.
  • Limited antibody specificity arises from cross-reactivity with similar epitopes.
  • The confusion between antigenicity and immunogenicity is a significant factor in the failure of peptide vaccines.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate epitope prediction remains a significant challenge in immunology and vaccinology.
  • A clear distinction between antigenicity and immunogenicity is essential for advancing peptide-based vaccine design.
  • Further research into epitope characteristics and prediction methodologies is required to overcome current limitations.