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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These domains are...
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay Using Micrococcal Nucleases in Mammalian Cells
11:42

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay Using Micrococcal Nucleases in Mammalian Cells

Published on: May 10, 2019

Assays for transcription factor activity.

Douglas Browning1, Nigel Savery, Annie Kolb

  • 1School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This chapter details three in vitro methods to monitor transcription factor activity at gene promoters. These assays, including transcript and abortive initiation assays and footprinting, help unravel bacterial gene regulation mechanisms.

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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences
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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay Using Micrococcal Nucleases in Mammalian Cells
11:42

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Published on: May 10, 2019

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A Quantitative Assay to Study Protein:DNA Interactions, Discover Transcriptional Regulators of Gene Expression, and Identify Novel Anti-tumor Agents

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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transcription factors are key regulators of gene expression, binding to promoter regions.
  • Understanding transcription factor activity is crucial for deciphering gene regulatory networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe three in vitro methods for monitoring transcription factor activity.
  • To enable the study of transcription kinetics and regulatory mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Transcript assays
  • Abortive initiation assays
  • Potassium permanganate footprinting

Main Results:

  • These methods provide tools to analyze transcription factor interactions at promoters.
  • The techniques are applicable to bacterial systems for studying transcription initiation.

Conclusions:

  • The described in vitro methods facilitate the investigation of gene transcription regulation.
  • These assays are valuable for understanding the kinetics of transcription initiation and regulatory mechanisms in bacteria.