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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview01:15

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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This lesson introduces two critical methods in pharmacokinetics, the Wagner-Nelson and Loo-Riegelman methods, used for estimating the absorption rate constant (ka) for drugs administered via non-intravenous routes. The Wagner-Nelson method relates ka to the plasma concentration derived from the slope of a semilog percent unabsorbed time plot. However, it is limited to drugs with one-compartment kinetics and can be impacted by factors like gastrointestinal motility or enzymatic degradation.
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Autoregressive moving average modeling for spectral parameter estimation from a multigradient echo chemical shift

Brian A Taylor1, Ken-Pin Hwang, John D Hazle

  • 1Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. jstafford@mdanderson.org

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|April 22, 2009
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The Steiglitz-McBride algorithm accurately estimates spectral parameters from fast magnetic resonance (MR) chemical shift imaging (CSI) acquisitions. This technique shows promise for real-time MR-guided interventions, offering high resolution and speed.

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Spectroscopy
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Fast, sparsely sampled, multiecho chemical shift imaging (CSI) is crucial for real-time applications.
  • Accurate spectral parameter estimation (chemical shift, T2*, amplitude) is essential for interpreting CSI data.
  • The Steiglitz-McBride (SM) algorithm offers a potential solution for rapid parameter estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance of the iterative Steiglitz-McBride (SM) algorithm for analyzing signals from fast, multiecho CSI acquisitions.
  • To assess the accuracy and uncertainty of spectral parameter estimation using the SM algorithm under various acquisition and tissue conditions.
  • To explore the potential of the SM algorithm for real-time magnetic resonance (MR)-guided interventions.

Main Methods:

  • The study employed numerical simulations, phantom experiments, ex vivo, and in vivo studies.
  • An autoregressive moving average (ARMA) signal model was used for rapid calculation of spectral parameters.
  • Performance was assessed by comparing estimated uncertainties to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB).

Main Results:

  • The SM algorithm achieved high accuracy for chemical shift (<0.01 ppm) and amplitude (<1.0%) with ≥4 echoes.
  • T2* estimates were more uncertain but reached CRLB at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and/or echo train lengths (ETLs).
  • Accurate spectral parameter estimation was achieved with ≤16 echoes, demonstrating robustness across various parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The SM algorithm is a robust estimator for spectral parameters in fast CSI acquisitions with ≤16 echoes.
  • The technique demonstrated potential for real-time MR-guided interventions with high spatiotemporal resolution (1.6 x 1.6 x 4 mm³ in ≤5 s).
  • Preliminary ex vivo and in vivo results support the algorithm's utility in interventional procedures.