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Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Three-Dimensional Phase Resolved Functional Lung Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Technical Development and Implementation of 3D-QALAS on a 1.5T MR-Linac for the Brain: A Prospective R-IDEAL Stage

Lucas McCullum1,2, Ashley Harrington1,2, Brian A Taylor3

  • 1UT MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.

Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
|April 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Quantitative relaxometry using 3D-QALAS on the 1.5T MR-Linac is feasible, enabling whole-brain T1, T2, and PD mapping in under 7 minutes. This technique offers potential for advanced imaging biomarkers in radiation therapy.

Keywords:
3D-QALASAdaptive Radiation TherapyBrainCancerHead and NeckMR-LinacMRIQALASQuantitative ImagingRadiation TherapyRadiotherapySyMRISyntheticMR

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiotherapy Physics
  • Quantitative MRI

Background:

  • Quantitative relaxometry on integrated MRI/linear accelerators (MR-Linac) is limited by long scan times and small fields-of-view.
  • High-resolution, whole-brain quantitative parameter mapping is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the technical feasibility of the 3D-QALAS technique on a 1.5T MR-Linac.
  • To achieve whole-brain 1 mm isotropic quantitative T1, T2, and PD maps within a 7-minute acquisition time.

Main Methods:

  • A 1 mm isotropic 3D-QALAS sequence was implemented on the 1.5T Elekta Unity MR-Linac.
  • Phantom scans with test-retest protocols and a healthy volunteer scan were performed.
  • Quantitative values, distortion, and brain volumes were analyzed using vendor reconstruction (SyMRI).

Main Results:

  • Quantitative T1, T2, and PD values showed high correlation and concordance with phantom references (slopes ~1.0).
  • Repeatability and reproducibility had a coefficient-of-variation under 8%.
  • Median distortion was below 2 mm, and volunteer brain volumes were age-adjusted.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D-QALAS technique is technically feasible on the 1.5T MR-Linac for high-resolution quantitative relaxometry.
  • This method enables integration of quantitative imaging biomarkers into head and neck adaptive radiation therapy workflows.