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Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...
Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
13:51

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

[Functions of direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathways].

Atsushi Nambu1

  • 1Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigo-naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|April 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The direct and indirect pathways model of basal ganglia function is challenged by new evidence. A hyperdirect pathway is now a focus for understanding movement disorders and basal ganglia functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Systems Neuroscience

Context:

  • The classical direct and indirect pathways model has long explained basal ganglia function in movement disorders.
  • Recent evidence challenges the sufficiency of this model.
  • The basal ganglia play a crucial role in motor control and pathophysiology of movement disorders.

Purpose:

  • To introduce the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal hyperdirect pathway.
  • To discuss the functions of the basal ganglia in light of new findings.
  • To re-evaluate the direct and indirect pathways model.

Summary:

  • Examines the effectiveness and limitations of the classical direct and indirect pathways model.
  • Discusses the role of the hyperdirect pathway in focused movement selection and motor learning.
  • Compares firing rate and firing pattern models for movement disorder pathophysiology.
  • Explores mechanisms underlying stereotactic surgery for movement disorders.

Impact:

  • Provides a contemporary perspective on basal ganglia function.
  • Highlights the importance of the hyperdirect pathway in motor control.
  • Offers insights into the pathophysiology of movement disorders.
  • Clarifies mechanisms relevant to neurosurgical interventions.