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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
07:46

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Signal transduction and Th17 cell differentiation.

John J O'Shea1, Scott M Steward-Tharp, Arian Laurence

  • 1Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Microbes and Infection
|April 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The discovery of Th17 cells, which produce interleukin-17 (IL-17), has reshaped understanding of T helper cell differentiation. This review details Th17 cell development, function, and epigenetic regulation in immunity and autoimmune diseases.

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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The traditional Th1/Th2 paradigm of T helper cell differentiation is incomplete.
  • A distinct T cell subset, Th17, producing IL-17, has been identified.
  • Th17 cells play critical roles in host defense and autoimmune disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on Th17 cell differentiation and function.
  • To explore the signaling pathways and molecular interactions governing Th17 development.
  • To discuss the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of Th17 cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Th17 cell biology.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways involved in T cell differentiation.
  • Examination of transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms controlling Th17 fate.

Main Results:

  • Th17 cells represent a unique lineage with distinct effector functions.
  • Interleukin-17 (IL-17) production is a hallmark of Th17 cells.
  • Complex signaling networks and epigenetic modifications orchestrate Th17 differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Th17 cells offer new insights into immunoregulation and autoimmunity.
  • Understanding Th17 cell biology is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of Th17 differentiation and function.