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Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Chromosome Duplication02:05

Chromosome Duplication

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

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Capturing Chromosome Conformation Across Length Scales
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Published on: January 20, 2023

Duplication.

Andrew J Watt1, Kevin C Chung

  • 1Department of Surgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.

Hand Clinics
|April 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers congenital limb duplications, including polydactyly and mirror-hand deformities. It details their embryology, molecular basis, and surgical treatment for improved hand function and aesthetics.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Congenital limb duplications present complex functional and aesthetic challenges.
  • Conditions include pre- and post-axial polydactyly, central polydactyly, and mirror-hand spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of congenital limb duplications.
  • To explore underlying embryologic and molecular mechanisms.
  • To focus on clinical and surgical treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on limb duplication disorders.
  • Analysis of embryologic and molecular pathways.
  • Compilation of data on surgical techniques and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Detailed classification of various limb duplication types.
  • Explanation of developmental origins.
  • Overview of surgical interventions and their efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding embryology is crucial for effective treatment.
  • Surgical outcomes vary based on duplication type and intervention.
  • Further research can refine reconstructive strategies for hand deformities.