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Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Optimization, Test and Diagnostics of Miniaturized Hall Thrusters
12:22

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Published on: February 16, 2019

Space maintenance.

Emma Laing1, Paul Ashley, Farhad B Naini

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, Eastman Dental Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
|April 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Space maintainers can prevent future orthodontic issues but may cause plaque buildup and caries. Limited evidence exists, so decisions should weigh potential benefits against risks.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Dentistry
  • Orthodontics
  • Dental Public Health

Background:

  • Early loss of primary teeth can lead to arch length deficiency and malocclusion.
  • Space maintainers or restored primary teeth can potentially preserve arch length.
  • However, space maintainer appliances are associated with plaque retention, caries, and gingival inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the available evidence on the use of space maintainers in pediatric dentistry.
  • To consider the indications for space maintenance in primary dentition.
  • To evaluate the benefits versus risks of space maintainer appliances.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search of Medline and Ovid Medline databases was conducted.
  • A hand-search of non-indexed peer-reviewed English papers was also performed.

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  • Sixteen relevant papers published between 1987 and 2007 were selected for analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • The evidence regarding the efficacy of space maintainers in preventing or reducing malocclusion severity in the permanent dentition is limited.
    • Space maintainer appliances are known to be plaque-retentive.
    • Potential complications include dental caries, gingival inflammation, soft tissue impingement, and mechanical failure.

    Conclusions:

    • There is insufficient evidence to definitively recommend or refute the use of space maintainers.
    • Clinical decisions should involve a careful balance between the potential occlusal disturbances from tooth loss and the risks associated with appliance use.
    • Further research is needed to establish clear guidelines for space maintenance therapy.