Human dirofiliariasis in Croatia

Area of Science:

• Veterinary parasitology
• Human and animal health
• Zoonotic diseases

Background:

• Dirofilariasis, caused by Dirofilaria repens, is an emerging zoonosis with increasing reports globally.
• Previous literature suggested limited cases in Croatia, with only four reported instances.
• The current case highlights the need for a broader understanding of dirofilariasis prevalence in the region.

Discussion:

• This letter addresses the underreporting of human dirofilariasis in Croatia due to publication in low-visibility journals.
• At least 10 cases of Dirofilaria repens infection have been documented in Croatia, indicating a higher prevalence than previously recognized.
• Geographical distribution includes both southern coastal and inland areas of Croatia.

Key Insights:

• The first reported case of conjunctival dirofilariasis in Croatia dates back to 1996.
• Subcutaneous dirofilariasis, often presenting as nodules, is the predominant form observed.
• Dirofilaria repens is consistently identified as the etiological agent in Croatian cases.

Outlook:

• Croatia is confirmed as an endemic area for dirofilariasis, similar to other Mediterranean countries.
• Dermatologists and dermatopathologists must be aware of dirofilariasis for accurate differential diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules.
• Increased awareness and reporting are crucial for understanding the epidemiology of this zoonosis.