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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.
Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway01:29

Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway

Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Equipment Required
Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Saline Lavage for Sampling of the Canine Nasal Immune Microenvironment
04:35

Saline Lavage for Sampling of the Canine Nasal Immune Microenvironment

Published on: December 27, 2024

Sinonasal inflammatory disease.

Gitta Madani1, Timothy J Beale

  • 1Imperial College NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK.

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR
|April 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Imaging is crucial for diagnosing inflammatory sinus disease, especially in recurrent or treatment-resistant cases. Computed tomography and MRI help identify disease patterns, anatomical issues, and rule out serious conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Inflammatory sinus disease is a common condition affecting many patients.
  • Recurrent, unilateral, or treatment-refractory cases necessitate advanced diagnostic evaluation.
  • Imaging plays a vital role in the management of complex sinonasal inflammatory conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the role and characteristics of imaging in sinonasal inflammatory disease.
  • To guide clinicians in selecting appropriate imaging modalities.
  • To highlight how imaging aids in surgical planning and differential diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Computed tomographic (CT) scanning is the primary imaging modality.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as a secondary problem-solving tool.
  • Review of imaging findings in various sinonasal inflammatory conditions.

Main Results:

  • Imaging reveals diverse patterns characteristic of sinonasal inflammation.
  • CT provides a comprehensive overview of disease extent and related anatomy.
  • MRI is valuable for differentiating inflammatory processes from other pathologies and assessing soft tissue involvement.

Conclusions:

  • Imaging is essential for diagnosing and managing inflammatory sinus disease.
  • It helps identify anatomical variations impacting sinus drainage.
  • Imaging guides endoscopic sinus surgery and excludes aggressive pathologies.