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Related Concept Videos

Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments01:35

Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
Keratin proteins, found at the cell periphery near cell junctions, undergo a cycle of assembly and disassembly. In Type...
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a microtubule array...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
09:52

Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments

Published on: February 4, 2021

Nucleation in A/B/AB blends: interplay between microphase assembly and macrophase separation.

Jiafang Wang1, Marcus Müller, Zhen-Gang Wang

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China. wang@theorie.physik.uni-goettingen.de

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|April 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

In ternary polymer blends, adding homopolymer B to A/AB mixtures can stabilize or destabilize micelles. Macrophase separation occurs via two-step nucleation through metastable microemulsion droplets.

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Patterning of Microorganisms and Microparticles through Sequential Capillarity-assisted Assembly
10:17

Patterning of Microorganisms and Microparticles through Sequential Capillarity-assisted Assembly

Published on: November 4, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
09:52

Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments

Published on: February 4, 2021

Patterning of Microorganisms and Microparticles through Sequential Capillarity-assisted Assembly
10:17

Patterning of Microorganisms and Microparticles through Sequential Capillarity-assisted Assembly

Published on: November 4, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Polymer science
  • Materials science
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Ternary polymer blends exhibit complex phase behaviors.
  • Understanding microphase assembly and macrophase separation is crucial for materials design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay between microphase assembly and macrophase separation in A/B/AB ternary polymer blends.
  • To elucidate the thermodynamic relationship between swollen micelles and the macrophase-separated state.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing self-consistent field theory.
  • Employing an extended capillary model to analyze free energy of localized fluctuation structures.

Main Results:

  • Homopolymer B can swell micelles in A/AB blends; stability is maintained at low concentrations.
  • High concentrations of homopolymer B induce microemulsion failure and macrophase separation.
  • Macrophase separation proceeds via a two-step nucleation mechanism involving metastable microemulsion droplets.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a two-step nucleation mechanism via metastable intermediates in A/B/AB blends.
  • This mechanism is consistent with general phenomena in systems with competing interaction ranges.