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Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...

Lampbrush Chromosomes

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.

Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis

CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis

Published on: April 25, 2022

CROC: finding chromosomal clusters in eukaryotic genomes.

Miguel Pignatelli¹, Florenci Serras, Andrés Moya

¹Instituto Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Apdo, Valencia, Spain. miguel.pignatelli@uv.es

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)

|April 25, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gene co-expression clustering is common in eukaryotes. We introduce CROC, a web tool for identifying and analyzing genomic gene clusters, building on previous successful applications in various species.

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Area of Science:

Genomics
Bioinformatics
Transcriptomics

Background:

Co-expression of genes clustered along the genome is increasingly recognized in eukaryotic transcriptomes.
Previous algorithms exist for identifying such genomic gene organization.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel web tool, CROC, for the identification and analysis of genomic gene clusters.
To provide researchers with an accessible platform for studying gene clustering.

Main Methods:

Development of the CROC web tool.
Utilizing algorithms for the identification of genomic gene clusters.
Application of the method to different eukaryotic species.

Main Results:

The CROC web tool facilitates the identification and analysis of genomic gene clusters.
The method has been successfully applied to identify chromosomal clusters in various eukaryotic species.

Conclusions:

Genomic gene clustering is a significant feature of eukaryotic transcriptomes.
The CROC web tool offers a valuable resource for the study of gene organization and co-expression patterns in eukaryotes.