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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart tube by...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

Regulation of Heart Rates

The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...

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In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells
09:29

In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Published on: July 3, 2019

Signaling pathways controlling second heart field development.

Francesca Rochais1, Karim Mesbah, Robert G Kelly

  • 1Developmental Biology Institute of Marseilles-Luminy, UMR 6216 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de laMéditerranée, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France.

Circulation Research
|April 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding congenital heart defects and cardiac repair requires studying the second heart field (SHF). Key signaling pathways control SHF progenitor cell development, crucial for embryonic heart formation and stem cell therapies.

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En Face Endocardial Cushion Preparation for Planar Morphogenesis Analysis in Mouse Embryos
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En Face Endocardial Cushion Preparation for Planar Morphogenesis Analysis in Mouse Embryos

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09:29

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Generation of First Heart Field-like Cardiac Progenitors and Ventricular-like Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
08:37

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En Face Endocardial Cushion Preparation for Planar Morphogenesis Analysis in Mouse Embryos
08:57

En Face Endocardial Cushion Preparation for Planar Morphogenesis Analysis in Mouse Embryos

Published on: July 27, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are a major research focus in cardiovascular biology.
  • The second heart field (SHF) comprises progenitor cells essential for embryonic heart development.
  • Perturbations in SHF development lead to CHDs, including arterial pole alignment defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on intercellular signaling pathways regulating SHF progenitor cell proliferation and deployment.
  • To identify ligand sources and responding cell types controlling SHF development.
  • To discuss implications for understanding CHDs and stem cell-based cardiac repair.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on SHF development.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways including Wnt, FGF, BMP, Hedgehog, and retinoic acid.
  • Integration of data on cell sources and regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Key signaling pathways (Wnt, FGF, BMP, Hedgehog, retinoic acid) identified as crucial for SHF development.
  • Pharyngeal mesoderm, epithelia, and neural crest cells are critical sources of signals.
  • Cell proliferation is a central regulatory checkpoint for SHF progenitor cells.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding SHF niche regulation is vital for elucidating CHD etiology.
  • Findings inform the development of stem cell-based cardiac repair strategies.
  • Characterizing signals that maintain, expand, and differentiate cardiac progenitor cells is essential.