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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
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Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

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Solidification velocities in deeply undercooled silver.

Wai-Lun Chan1, Robert S Averback, David G Cahill

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. wlchan@uiuc.edu

Physical Review Letters
|April 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers measured silver solidification velocity using ultrafast laser experiments. Velocity peaked at 0.85Tm, then plateaued, contradicting simple models but aligning with simulations.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solidification Physics
  • Nanoscale Phenomena

Background:

  • Understanding the kinetics of phase transitions, such as solidification, is crucial for materials processing and predicting material behavior.
  • Existing models for crystallization velocity often rely on simplified assumptions about atomic interactions and transport phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally determine the solidification velocity of pure silver (Ag) across a wide range of undercooling temperatures.
  • To compare experimental findings with theoretical predictions, specifically collision-limited models and molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ultrafast, pump-probe laser experiments to measure solidification velocity.
  • Employed optical third harmonic generation to determine the thickness of the liquid layer during solidification.
  • Performed molecular dynamics simulations to model the crystallization process.

Main Results:

  • Solidification velocity of pure Ag was measured from the melting point (Tm=1235 K) down to 0.6Tm.
  • Observed a maximum solidification velocity at approximately 0.85Tm.
  • The velocity remained nearly constant with further undercooling, a finding inconsistent with simple collision-limited models.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental results agree well with molecular dynamics simulations.
  • The crystallization velocity of silver exhibits weak temperature dependence over a broad undercooling range (0.85Tm to ~0.1Tm).
  • Findings challenge simplistic models and highlight the importance of atomistic simulations for understanding solidification dynamics.