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Related Concept Videos

Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...
Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this particular...
Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision03:37

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.
Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...

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Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
10:35

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Published on: February 12, 2013

Systematic diffuse optical image errors resulting from uncertainty in the background optical properties.

X Cheng, D Boas

    Optics Express
    |April 28, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) shows errors in absolute hemoglobin concentrations due to reconstruction depth. However, relative oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations remain accurate and robust for imaging.

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    Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects
    10:16

    Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects

    Published on: February 8, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Optics
    • Medical Imaging
    • Photonic Technologies

    Background:

    • Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a non-invasive imaging technique.
    • Accurate quantification of tissue optical properties and chromophore concentrations is challenging.
    • Understanding error sources in DOT reconstruction is crucial for clinical applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of systematic errors on diffuse optical image reconstruction.
    • To quantify errors in absolute and relative hemoglobin concentrations.
    • To assess the robustness of DOT for imaging relative chromophore changes.

    Main Methods:

    • Simulations using a 2D linear reconstruction algorithm for a 3D object.
    • Employing the fourth Born perturbation approach for reflectance measurements.
    • Utilizing k-space tomography for image reconstruction at single and dual wavelengths.

    Main Results:

    • Large systematic errors were observed in absolute reconstructed absorption coefficients and hemoglobin concentrations.
    • Errors in relative oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations were found to be acceptable.
    • Reconstruction depth errors significantly impacted absolute quantification but minimally affected relative concentrations.

    Conclusions:

    • Quantitative diffuse optical tomography is challenging due to systematic errors.
    • DOT is robust for imaging relative concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin.
    • Relative chromophore imaging offers a reliable approach despite absolute quantification difficulties.