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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
11:34

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Published on: January 10, 2013

InterStim Therapy: A Contemporary Approach to Overactive Bladder.

Neeraj Kohli1, Danielle Patterson

  • 1Division of Urogynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA.

Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology
|April 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Overactive bladder (OAB) affects many women and can be challenging to treat. Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) offers an effective treatment option for patients unresponsive to conventional therapies.

Keywords:
InterStim TherapyNeuromodulationOveractive bladderSacral nerve stimulation

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
11:34

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Published on: January 10, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Urology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent condition, particularly in aging populations.
  • It presents significant challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists.
  • Many patients do not respond adequately to first-line treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the epidemiology and symptomatology of OAB.
  • To review office evaluation and treatment strategies for OAB.
  • To emphasize sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) as a treatment option.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on OAB and sacral nerve stimulation.
  • Summary of epidemiological data and clinical presentation of OAB.
  • Analysis of SNS technique, outcomes, and potential future applications.

Main Results:

  • OAB prevalence is increasing with an aging demographic.
  • A significant subset of OAB patients requires advanced therapies like SNS.
  • SNS is effective for managing OAB and associated pelvic floor conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Sacral nerve stimulation is a crucial treatment modality for refractory overactive bladder.
  • Understanding OAB epidemiology and evaluation is key for appropriate patient selection.
  • Future applications of SNS may expand its role in managing complex pelvic floor disorders.