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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management01:28

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients
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A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients

Published on: October 25, 2024

Thoracic empyema - a review based on three cases reports.

Antonio Murinello1, A Manuel Figeiredo, Júlio Semedo

  • 1Hospital Curry Cabral - Internal Medicine.

Revista Portuguesa De Pneumologia
|April 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Complicated parapneumonic effusion and empyema require prompt diagnosis and invasive procedures for resolution. Early intervention significantly reduces patient morbidity and mortality.

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Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
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Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion

Published on: November 10, 2023

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients
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Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
03:22

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion

Published on: November 10, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Thoracic Surgery

Background:

  • Complicated parapneumonic effusion and empyema necessitate invasive procedures for resolution.
  • Early diagnosis and therapy are crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with these pleural space infections.

Observation:

  • Chest CT is vital for evaluating complex pleural effusions.
  • Indications for invasive procedures include loculated effusions, large effusions (>50% thorax), positive Gram stain/culture, purulent fluid, pH < 7.20, glucose < 60 mg/dL, or LDH > 3x upper limit of normal.
  • These effusions progress through exudative, fibrinopurulent, and fibrotic stages.

Findings:

  • Treatment varies by stage, including thoracentesis, chest tube insertion (with or without fibrinolytics), video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and lung decortication.
  • Case series highlights diverse presentations: fatal empyema from Streptococcus pyogenes with hemoptysis, empyema during air travel, and empyema with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia revealing undiagnosed HIV.

Implications:

  • Understanding the stages of parapneumonic effusion guides therapeutic decisions.
  • Clinical presentation variability underscores the importance of considering underlying conditions like HIV in empyema cases.
  • Prompt and appropriate management of complicated parapneumonic effusion and empyema is essential for favorable patient outcomes.