Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
Comparing Experimental Results: Student's t-Test01:09

Comparing Experimental Results: Student's t-Test

The t-test is a statistical method used to compare the sample mean with a population mean or compare two means from two data sets. The test statistic is calculated from the standard deviation, mean, and number of measurements in the data set at a selected confidence interval and then compared to a table of critical values at this confidence level. If the test statistic is smaller than the critical value, the null hypothesis is accepted. In this case, we state that the difference between the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interventions Within the Scope of Occupational Therapy to Improve Children's Academic Participation: A Systematic Review.

The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association·2020
Same author

Determining the Internal Validity of the Inventory of Reading Occupations: An Assessment Tool of Children's Reading Participation.

The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association·2016
Same author

Test-retest reliability of Family L.I.F.E. (Looking Into Family Experiences): an occupation-based assessment.

The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association·2012
Same author

Behavioral States of children with severe disabilities in the multisensory environment.

Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics·2010
Same author

Component structure of individual differences in true and false recognition of faces.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2009
Same author

Functional outcomes post carpal tunnel release: a modified replication of a previous study.

Journal of hand therapy : official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists·2009
Same journal

Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of the Turkish Version of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Independence Scale - Upper Limb Module: A Comparison with Healthy Peers.

Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics·2026
Same journal

Contributions and Limitations of Lokomat<sup>®</sup> on Gait Rehabilitation of Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review.

Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics·2026
Same journal

Technology-Based Interventions for Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics·2026
Same journal

Effects of Action Observation and Mirror Therapy on Upper Extremity Functions in Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics·2026
Same journal

An Exploratory Study Examining the Association Between School-Aged Children's Pretend Play Skills and Their Executive Functioning.

Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics·2026
Same journal

Cognitive and Executive Function Profiles in School‑Age Children with Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury.

Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Na&#239;ve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Comparison of cursive handwriting instruction programs among students without identified problems.

Kristin Shimel1, Catherine Candler, Marsha Neville-Smith

  • 1Blue Springs School District, Blue Springs, MO, USA.

Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics
|April 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study compared cursive handwriting programs for third graders. All methods improved legibility, but no single program showed a significant advantage in short-term results for students without prior issues.

More Related Videos

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish
14:43

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish

Published on: July 18, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Na&#239;ve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish
14:43

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish

Published on: July 18, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Pediatric Occupational Therapy

Background:

  • Effective handwriting is crucial for academic success.
  • Cursive handwriting instruction is a common component of early elementary education.
  • Research on the comparative efficacy of different cursive handwriting programs is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of Handwriting without Tears and Loops and Other Groups programs against a control (Zaner-Bloser) for improving cursive letter legibility and form.
  • To assess the short-term impact of different handwriting instructional methods on third-grade students without pre-existing handwriting difficulties.

Main Methods:

  • A sample of 50 third-grade students without identified handwriting problems participated.
  • Handwriting was assessed before and after a 6-week instructional period (10-15 minutes daily).
  • Students received instruction using Handwriting without Tears, Loops and Other Groups, or continued Zaner-Bloser instruction.

Main Results:

  • All participating students demonstrated improvement in handwriting legibility and form from pretest to posttest.
  • No statistically significant differences in handwriting outcomes were found between the Handwriting without Tears, Loops and Other Groups, and Zaner-Bloser programs.
  • The study indicated that the specific method of handwriting instruction had a minimal short-term effect on cursive legibility for this population.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of cursive handwriting program may have a limited short-term impact on letter legibility and form for typically developing third graders.
  • Further research is needed to explore long-term effects and potential differences in specific student subgroups.
  • Standardized handwriting instruction, regardless of program, appears to yield improvements in legibility and form.