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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
The carboxy-terminal of most of the prenylated proteins, such as Ras proteins, contains the...
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators
11:33

Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators

Published on: March 22, 2019

Lipids in Ca2+ signalling--an introduction.

Roger C Hardie1, Shmuel Muallem

  • 1Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Downing St, Cambridge, United Kingdom. rch14@cam.ac.uk

Cell Calcium
|May 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Lipids are vital signaling molecules regulating cellular processes. This review highlights their crucial role in calcium (Ca2+) signaling pathways, impacting ion channels and cellular functions.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Signaling

Background:

  • Lipids and their derivatives are recognized as critical signaling molecules involved in numerous cellular functions.
  • Established lipid mediators include inositol trisphosphate (InsP3), diacylglycerol (DAG), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), and arachidonic acid (AA).

Discussion:

  • Beyond well-known lipids, other classes like poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), lysophospholipids, sphingolipids, endocannabinoids, and endovanilloids also play significant signaling roles.
  • These lipid mediators interact with a wide array of molecules integral to calcium (Ca2+) signaling.
  • They influence various ion channels, pumps, and transporters, thereby initiating, modulating, and fine-tuning Ca2+ signals within cells.

Key Insights:

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Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells
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Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

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Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ
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Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Published on: January 7, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators
11:33

Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators

Published on: March 22, 2019

Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells
09:30

Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Published on: March 3, 2015

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ
09:34

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Published on: January 7, 2019

  • Lipids act as crucial regulators of cellular processes through diverse signaling pathways.
  • A comprehensive understanding of lipid signaling is essential for deciphering cellular communication.
  • The intricate interplay between lipids and Ca2+ signaling underpins fundamental cellular activities.

Outlook:

  • This special issue aims to consolidate the current understanding of lipids as signaling molecules.
  • It emphasizes their collective impact on Ca2+ signaling and cellular regulation.
  • Further research into lipid signaling networks promises new insights into cellular physiology and disease.