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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Consort hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

R Merget1, I Sander, S Ewig

  • 1Research Institute of Occupational Medicine, German Social Accident Insurance (BGFA), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany. merget@bgfa.de

The European Respiratory Journal
|May 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis from bird antigens can occur without direct bird contact. This study identifies it as a potential "consort disease," transmissible between partners.

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Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immune system disorder often caused by inhaling organic dusts.
  • While typically associated with direct exposure to inciting agents like bird droppings, HP without direct contact is less understood.

Observation:

  • A 62-year-old man developed flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and shortness of breath after meeting his new partner.
  • The patient had no direct contact with birds, but his partner had previously lived with a canary fancier.

Findings:

  • Diagnostic tests confirmed hypersensitivity pneumonitis, showing restrictive ventilatory defects and hypoxemia.
  • Immunoassays revealed sensitization to canary antigens, and these antigens were detected in environments without birds.
  • This suggests indirect transmission of avian allergens through a partner.

Implications:

  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis should be considered a "consort disease," potentially transmitted between intimate partners.
  • This expands the understanding of HP transmission routes, highlighting the importance of partner's environmental exposures.
  • Clinicians should consider non-traditional exposure pathways when diagnosing HP.