Optical fibre SERS sensors

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has established itself as an important analytical technique. However, efforts to transfer the technology from the laboratory to the production line, clinic or field have been frustrated by the lack of robust affordable substrates and the complexity of interfacing between sample and spectrometer. Prompted by the success of optical fibre systems for implementing normal Raman scattering spectroscopy in remote locations and biomedical applications, attention has now shifted to the development of SERS-active optical fibres. Other workers have attempted to develop SERS probes with extended interaction lengths and both far-field and near-field SERS imaging techniques for high-resolution chemical mapping of surfaces. This review discusses the development of these technologies and presents the current state of the art. Although recent developments show great promise, some outstanding challenges and opportunities remain to be addressed.