Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:33

Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, is an analytical technique that employs two mass analyzers. Essentially it is a series of mass spectrometers that helps isolate a particular biomolecule and then helps study its chemical properties.
This technique helps gather information regarding the protein from which the peptide was obtained and to study the peptides’ amino acid sequence. Identifying peptides from a complex mixture is an important component of the growing field of...
Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body01:31

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and glycolipids, also play unique roles to support various  biological processes .
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are required in minimal quantities, but their deficiencies can lead to severely abnormal physiological conditions. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, dry skin, delayed...
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Engineering Resatorvid-Loaded Sub-Microgels of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate/Hyaluronic Acid to Treat Acute Lung Injury.

Advanced healthcare materials·2026
Same author

Hyaluronic acid-based microgels loaded with fluticasone furoate for bleomycin-induced acute lung injury treatment.

Materials today. Bio·2025
Same author

CEST MRI detects antiretroviral drug toxicities in the developing mouse brain.

Frontiers in pharmacology·2025
Same author

A scalable ultra-long-acting tenofovir phosphonate prodrug sustains HBV suppression.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: New Approaches towards Cure.

Biomolecules·2023
Same author

HIV-Tat Exacerbates the Actions of Atazanavir, Efavirenz, and Ritonavir on Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor (RyR2).

International journal of molecular sciences·2023
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Computational Prediction of Amino Acid Preferences of Potentially Multispecific Peptide-Binding Domains Involved in Protein-Protein Interactions
06:50

Computational Prediction of Amino Acid Preferences of Potentially Multispecific Peptide-Binding Domains Involved in Protein-Protein Interactions

Published on: January 26, 2024

Peptides containing gamma,delta-dihydroxy-L-leucine.

Benson J Edagwa1, Carol M Taylor

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry
|May 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study explores the synthesis of dehydroleucine derivatives using Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation. Researchers found that certain intermediates are unsuitable for peptide synthesis due to reactivity and epimerization issues.

More Related Videos

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope
08:09

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

Published on: March 24, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Computational Prediction of Amino Acid Preferences of Potentially Multispecific Peptide-Binding Domains Involved in Protein-Protein Interactions
06:50

Computational Prediction of Amino Acid Preferences of Potentially Multispecific Peptide-Binding Domains Involved in Protein-Protein Interactions

Published on: January 26, 2024

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope
08:09

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

Published on: March 24, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry
  • Natural Product Synthesis

Background:

  • Dehydroleucine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid with potential applications in peptide synthesis.
  • Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation (SAD) is a powerful method for creating chiral diols.
  • Alloviroidin is a natural product containing a dihydroxyleucine moiety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the synthesis and resolution of (+/-)-dehydroleucine.
  • To evaluate the utility of dehydroleucine derivatives as intermediates in peptide synthesis.
  • To explore the stereoselective synthesis of gamma,delta-dihydroxyleucine using SAD.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation and resolution of (+/-)-dehydroleucine using porcine kidney acylase.
  • Application of Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation (SAD) with AD-mix-alpha and AD-mix-beta.
  • Condensation of N alpha-carbobenzyloxy-(2S)-4,5-dehydroleucine with valine ethyl ester.

Main Results:

  • N alpha-carbobenzyloxy-(2S)-4,5-dehydroleucine methyl ester yielded a mixture of gamma-lactones favoring the 4R configuration under SAD conditions.
  • Carbamate-protected alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxylactones were found to be unreactive towards amines and prone to epimerization.
  • SAD treatment of a dehydroleucine-valine dipeptide ester afforded the gamma,delta-dihydroxyleucine with 4S configuration, mimicking alloviroidin synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Certain dehydroleucine-derived lactones are not suitable intermediates for peptide synthesis due to poor reactivity and epimerization.
  • The SAD reaction provides a stereoselective route to gamma,delta-dihydroxyleucine derivatives, relevant to natural product synthesis.
  • The synthetic strategy offers insights into the preparation of modified amino acids and their incorporation into peptides.