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Related Concept Videos

Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
Social Loafing01:37

Social Loafing

Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated, individuals become less...
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats
09:12

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

Published on: March 17, 2019

Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale.

Jin Nam Choi1, Sarah V Moran

  • 1College of Business Administration, Seoul National University, Shinlim-dong, San 56-1, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-916, South Korea. jnchoi@snu.kr

The Journal of Social Psychology
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Active procrastination, a beneficial form of delaying tasks, was explored. Researchers developed and validated a new 16-item measure to assess its four dimensions, facilitating further study in time management and psychology.

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Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
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Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats
09:12

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

Published on: March 17, 2019

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Time Management

Background:

  • Procrastination is traditionally viewed as a negative behavior with detrimental outcomes.
  • A distinct form, active procrastination, yields positive results, challenging this view.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a new, expanded measure for active procrastination.
  • To facilitate further research on active procrastination and its integration into psychological literature.

Main Methods:

  • Development and validation of a new 16-item active procrastination scale.
  • Examination of the construct's nomological network using the new measure.

Main Results:

  • A reliable 16-item measure assessing four dimensions of active procrastination was created.
  • The measure supports empirical investigation into active procrastination's characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The validated measure is a crucial tool for advancing research on active procrastination.
  • This work expands the understanding of procrastination beyond its negative connotations.