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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Cues to perception of reduced flaps.

Natasha Warner1, Amy Fountain, Benjamin V Tucker

  • 1Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0028, USA. nwarner@u.arizona.edu

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Listeners perceive reduced American English flaps ([inverted J]) as consonants, despite acoustic variations. Acoustic features influence perception, but listeners expertly interpret these reductions.

Area of Science:

  • Phonetics and Acoustics
  • Speech Perception
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Natural speech often exhibits significant reduction in speech segments, including consonants.
  • The flap allophone ([inverted J]) of /t/ and /d/ in American English can appear reduced, resembling approximants or vocalic sounds.
  • Despite acoustic reduction, these sounds are typically perceived as consonants, indicating sufficient acoustic cues for perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify acoustic characteristics of reduced flaps in American English.
  • To investigate how acoustic variations in reduced flaps affect consonant perception.
  • To determine the extent to which acoustic reduction accounts for consonant perception.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of acoustic characteristics of reduced flaps, including intensity dip size, duration, and F4 valley.

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  • Creation of phonetic continua manipulating these acoustic characteristics.
  • Presentation of phonetic identification data to listeners.

    • Main Results:

    • Acoustic variability in reduced flaps influences consonant perception.
    • Perceptual effects of acoustic reduction are not sufficient to fully explain consonant perception.
    • Listeners demonstrate skill in evaluating acoustic variability in reduced consonants.

    Conclusions:

    • Acoustic characteristics of consonant reduction impact speech perception.
    • Listeners are adept at processing acoustic variability in reduced speech sounds.
    • The perception of reduced flaps as consonants involves more than just the analyzed acoustic cues.