Male breast cancer

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Genetics
• Endocrinology

Background:

• Male breast cancer (MaleBC) is a rare malignancy, representing less than 1% of all male cancers.
• Recent years show an increasing incidence of MaleBC, mirroring trends in female breast cancer (FBC).
• The etiology of MaleBC is not well understood, with hormonal, environmental, and genetic factors implicated.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current understanding of male breast cancer, including risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
• To highlight the role of genetic mutations and hormonal influences in male breast cancer pathogenesis.
• To discuss diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies for male breast cancer, referencing FBC guidelines.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of male breast cancer studies focusing on etiology, risk factors, and clinical presentation.
• Analysis of genetic factors, including high-penetrance (BRCA1, BRCA2) and low-penetrance (CHEK-2) mutations.
• Examination of diagnostic tools (mammography, ultrasound, biopsy) and treatment modalities (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy).

Main Results:

• Invasive ductal carcinomas comprise approximately 90% of male breast tumors, often expressing hormone receptors.
• Key risk factors include hormonal imbalances, radiation exposure, and a positive family history for breast cancer.
• Tumor size and axillary node involvement are primary prognostic indicators, guiding treatment decisions.

Conclusions:

• MaleBC diagnosis relies on imaging and biopsy, with treatment guided by tumor characteristics and FBC protocols.
• Limited prospective data necessitates cautious application of FBC guidelines, considering patient comorbidities.
• Further research is needed to establish specific therapeutic approaches for male breast cancer.