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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

[Medial dislocation of the talus. Medium term evolution].

S García Mata¹, A Hidalgo-Ovejero, F Martínez de Lecea

¹Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Virgen del Camino, Pamplona, 31008, Spain. sgarcima@cfnavarra.es

Anales Del Sistema Sanitario De Navarra

|May 12, 2009

Summary

This case study details a patient with a severe ankle injury, including talar dislocation and fibular fracture. Despite initial successful treatment, long-term complications like avascular necrosis led to further intervention.

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$Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus$

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Published on: January 23, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

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$Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus$

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Published on: January 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Traumatology
Sports Medicine

Background:

Open medial talus dislocation with suprasyndesmotic fibula fracture is a severe injury.
Indirect traumatism is a common cause of complex ankle fractures and dislocations.

Observation:

A 57-year-old patient presented with open medial talus dislocation and suprasyndesmotic fibula fracture.
Initial management included wound debridement, talar reduction, Kirschner wire fixation, deltoid ligament repair, and fibula osteosynthesis.
Post-operative recovery was uncomplicated by infection, with immobilization for six weeks.

Findings:

Radiological assessment at two years showed no signs of avascular necrosis.
Osseous gammagraphy at 18 months revealed partial avascular necrosis of the talus.
At three years, the patient experienced pain with movement and limited ankle dorsiflexion.
By five and a half years, significant talar dome collapse due to avascular necrosis and distal tibiofibular diastasis necessitated ankle arthrodesis.

Implications:

This case highlights the potential for delayed complications, such as avascular necrosis, following complex ankle injuries.
Long-term follow-up is crucial for identifying and managing late-onset sequelae.
Avascular necrosis of the talus can lead to progressive joint degeneration and functional impairment, potentially requiring salvage procedures like ankle arthrodesis.