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Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Endoscopic Procedures III: Video Capsule Endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy, or wireless or video capsule endoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure for examining the entire gastrointestinal tract. Patients swallow a capsule about the size of a vitamin tablet. The capsule is equipped with a transmitter, a battery, an LED light source, and a color video camera to capture images throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This procedure is particularly useful for diagnosing conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, tumors, polyps, ulcers, unexplained...
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An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
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Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy01:25

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy

The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer
12:45

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer

Published on: February 12, 2022

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery.

Cameron Platell1

  • 1Bendat Cancer Centre, St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia. cplatell@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

ANZ Journal of Surgery
|May 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) effectively treats benign rectal neoplasias with low recurrence. However, TEM is less effective for rectal cancer compared to radical surgery, despite its minimal morbidity.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer
12:45

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer

Published on: February 12, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Colorectal Surgery
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive technique for distal colorectal neoplasias.
  • Established over two decades ago, its long-term efficacy requires continued evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prospectively review 7 years of experience with TEM for colorectal neoplasias.
  • To assess recurrence rates and patient outcomes following TEM procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective evaluation of 232 patients undergoing TEM between 1999 and 2007.
  • Regular endoscopic follow-up and cumulative incidence probability analysis for recurrence rates.
  • Histological analysis of resected specimens to determine neoplasia type.

Main Results:

  • Low morbidity: 1-day median hospital stay, 0.5% unplanned return to theatre, no deaths.
  • Recurrence rates: 5-year cumulative incidence of 3.1% for benign pathology and 8.5% for cancers.
  • 16 patients (6.9%) required more radical surgery after TEM for carcinoma.

Conclusions:

  • TEM is an excellent option for benign rectal neoplasias, regardless of size or location.
  • TEM is oncologically inferior to radical treatments for rectal cancer but offers minimal morbidity.
  • TEM provides a valuable, low-risk surgical option for specific rectal conditions.