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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Chorea.

Michele T M Hu1, Richard Butterworth, Gavin Giovannoni

  • 1Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. michele.hu@mkhospital.nhs.uk

Clinical Medicine (London, England)
|May 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A 16-year-old experienced severe chorea and psychosis after starting oral contraceptives, diagnosed as Sydenham's chorea. Early immune testing is crucial for this movement disorder with neuropsychiatric features.

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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Sydenham's chorea (SC) is an autoimmune disorder typically affecting children and adolescents.
  • Neuropsychiatric symptoms, including psychosis, can occur in SC but are often underrecognized.

Observation:

  • A 16-year-old female presented with acute-onset chorea and severe psychosis, including hallucinations and paranoia, two weeks after initiating oral contraceptive pills.
  • An erythematous rash developed, leading to the diagnosis of Sydenham's chorea.

Findings:

  • The patient's chorea and psychotic symptoms resolved following treatment with neuroleptic medication and corticosteroids.
  • This case highlights the potential for severe psychotic manifestations in Sydenham's chorea.

Implications:

  • Early screening for antistreptolysin O (ASO) titers and antibasal ganglia antibodies (ABAB) is recommended in patients with movement disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
  • Prompt diagnosis and intervention in immune-mediated disorders like SC may be critical for modifying disease course and preventing long-term sequelae.