Determination of carbonyl compounds in smoke samples: strategies for sampling and standardization

There are significant drawbacks to the calibration procedure recommended in the normalized Spanish or American methods used to determine carbonyl compounds in ambient air by quantifying hydrazones that form with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The impurities present in 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, as well as the lack of quantitativity and the slow kinetics of some derivatization reactions can lead to considerable errors in quantification. This work proposes two alternative systems for sampling biomass smoke in order to analyze aldehydes and ketones. The standardization process used by both systems requires standard solutions to be reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine under experimental conditions similar to those used to collect the sample. The resulting calibration curve slopes differ between 8% and 74% from the curves used in methods that employ commercial standard hydrazone solutions. The detection limits reached by using the proposed methods are between 0.07 and 0.47 mg L(-1). Both methods are complementary for smoke samples that have significant differences in the concentrations of aldehydes or ketones.