The formation of nanocrystalline SrFeO(3-delta) using mechano-synthesis and subsequent sintering: structural and...

The influence of mechanical milling and subsequent sintering of a 2:1 molar mixture of SrCO3 and alpha-Fe2O3 on the formation of SrFeO(3-delta) pervoskite-related nanocrystalline particles is investigated. The structural evolution during the formation process is systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Pre-milling the mixture in air for 120 h leads to the incorporation of Sr2+ in the alpha-Fe2O3 crystal structure thus facilitating the formation of a 2:1 nanocrystalline mixture of SrFeO3 and SrFeO2.875 by sintering the pre-milled mixture in air at 800 degrees C (12 h). This temperature is approximately 300 degrees C lower than those at which SrFeO(3-delta) phases are synthesized by the conventional ceramic techniques. Pre-milling the precursors was found to result in a smaller oxygen deficiency (delta) relative to conventional ceramic synthesis of SrFeO(3-delta). Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction shows the interatomic distances in the resulting SrFeO2.875 nanocrystalline phase to be slightly different from those of the conventionally prepared bulk leading, in turn, to a crystal structure with tilted polyhedral cationic sites. This structural distortion is related to both small-size and surface effects in the nanoparticles that have no counterparts in the corresponding bulk material. The surface structure of the attained SrFeO(3-delta) nanocrystalline particles shows a significant partial reduction of Fe4+ to Fe3+ due to ambient conditions and the presence of an appreciable amount of SrCO3 as well.