Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Disease modifying treatment of radiologically isolated syndrome: A systematic review of the use, efficacy, effectiveness, and safety.

Revue neurologique·2025
Same author

Sexual problems in MS: Sex differences and their impact on quality of life.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders·2023
Same author

Treatment of MOG antibody associated disorders: results of an international survey.

Journal of neurology·2020
Same author

Predictors of hematological abnormalities in multiple sclerosis patients treated with fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate and impact of treatment switch on lymphocyte and leukocyte count.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders·2018
Same author

Exposure to particulate matter air pollution and risk of multiple sclerosis in two large cohorts of US nurses.

Environment international·2017
Same author

Evaluating the association of allergies with multiple sclerosis susceptibility risk and disease activity in a pediatric population.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2017
Same journal

Factors Associated With Disability Improvement and Worsening Independent of Attacks in Patients With AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD and MOGAD: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

Cost-Effectiveness of Intracranial Aneurysm Screening: A Systematic Review.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

Rare Eating Epilepsy: Co-Occurrence of Focal Cortical Dysplasia and Gray Matter Heterotopia.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

Spatiotemporal Associations Between Cortical Microinfarcts and Cortical Superficial Siderosis in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Before Interhospital Transfer for Thrombectomy and Clinical Outcome.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

At Death's Door: Cytosolic Dopamine in Patients With Parkinson Disease.

Neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Videos

Cyclophosphamide therapy in pediatric multiple sclerosis.

N Makhani1, M P Gorman, H M Branson

  • 1The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada.

Neurology
|May 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyclophosphamide effectively reduced relapse rates and stabilized disability in pediatric patients with aggressive multiple sclerosis (MS). This chemotherapy agent is a viable option for treatment-refractory cases, though side effects require monitoring.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) in children presents unique challenges.
  • Aggressive forms of pediatric MS often prove refractory to standard first-line treatments.
  • Effective therapeutic options for treatment-resistant pediatric MS are critically needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the multicenter experience using cyclophosphamide for treating pediatric multiple sclerosis.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of cyclophosphamide in children with MS.
  • To provide recommendations for the use of cyclophosphamide in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of 17 pediatric patients diagnosed with MS.
  • Data collection included demographic, clinical, treatment regimens, and MRI parameters.
  • Patients received cyclophosphamide via induction therapy, maintenance therapy, or a combination.

Main Results:

  • The majority of patients experienced worsening disability or relapses before cyclophosphamide treatment.
  • Treatment led to a reduced relapse rate and stabilized disability scores at one year post-initiation.
  • Cyclophosphamide was generally well-tolerated, with manageable side effects; one case of bladder carcinoma was successfully treated.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclophosphamide represents a potential treatment option for children with aggressive MS unresponsive to initial therapies.
  • Careful patient selection, administration protocols, and vigilant monitoring are essential for optimal outcomes.
  • Further research may refine the role of cyclophosphamide in pediatric MS management.