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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

Published on: October 9, 2014

[Articulated external fixator at the elbow].

T Mittlmeier¹, M Beck

¹Abteilung für Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany. thomas.mittlmeier@med.uni-rostock.de

Der Unfallchirurg

|May 15, 2009

Summary

The articulated external fixator aids elbow reconstruction after dislocations and fractures. This device protects repairs while enabling motion to prevent joint stiffness.

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

Elbow dislocations and fracture-dislocations often require complex surgical reconstruction.
Post-operative joint stiffness (arthrofibrosis) is a significant complication due to prolonged immobilization.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the articulated external fixator as an adjunct in elbow reconstruction.
To assess its role in protecting surgical repairs and preventing arthrofibrosis.

Main Methods:

Application of articulated external fixators following elbow joint reconstruction.
Management protocols involving passive and active range of motion exercises.

Main Results:

The fixator effectively shields reconstructed joint surfaces, capsule, and ligaments from harmful forces.

More Related Videos

A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator

A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator

Published on: March 24, 2019

Treatment with Locking Intramedullary Nailing for Intertrochanteric Fracture of the Femur Utilizing a New Awl with a Distal Positioner

Treatment with Locking Intramedullary Nailing for Intertrochanteric Fracture of the Femur Utilizing a New Awl with a Distal Positioner

Published on: June 6, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

Published on: October 9, 2014

A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator

A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator

Published on: March 24, 2019

Treatment with Locking Intramedullary Nailing for Intertrochanteric Fracture of the Femur Utilizing a New Awl with a Distal Positioner

Treatment with Locking Intramedullary Nailing for Intertrochanteric Fracture of the Femur Utilizing a New Awl with a Distal Positioner

Published on: June 6, 2025

Early mobilization facilitated by the fixator prevents arthrofibrosis.

Conclusions:

The articulated external fixator is a valuable tool for elbow reconstruction, enhancing stability and promoting early motion.
It serves as a crucial salvage option for complex cases and delayed interventions.