Microbial cells as catalysts for stereoselective red-ox reactions

Enzyme catalyzed reactions are commonly used at laboratory or industrial scale. Contrarily, the whole cell catalyzed reactions are restricted to special cases. The tremendous advances in the last years in Molecular Biology and more specifically in Metabolic Engineering and Directed Enzyme Evolution have opened the door to create tailor-made microorganisms or "designer bugs" for industrial purposes. Whole cell catalysts can be much more readily and inexpensively prepared than purified enzymes and the enzymes - inside the cells - are protected from the external environment and stabilized by the intracellular medium. Three situations have traditionally been considered convenient to select the use of whole cell catalyzed processes against the free enzyme catalyzed process: i) when the enzyme is intracellular; ii) when the enzyme needs a cofactor to carry out the catalytic act and iii) in the development of multienzymatic processes. Red-ox reactions represent the molecular basis for energy generation in the cell. These reactions are catalyzed by intracellular enzymes and are cofactor dependent as red-ox reactions need electron carriers as helpers in reduction reactions (gain of electrons) or oxidation (loss of electrons). In this review we present an overview of the state of the art of red-ox biotransformations catalyzed by whole cells - wild-type or genetically engineered microorganisms. Stereoselective reductions, hydroxylations of arenes and unfunctionalized alkanes, alkene monooxygenation, and Baeyer-Villiger reactions are among the processes described along the text, focusing in their chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity.