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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Ionizing radiation: a risk factor for mesothelioma.

Julie E Goodman1, Marc A Nascarella, Peter A Valberg

  • 1Gradient Corporation, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

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Ionizing radiation exposure, particularly from Thorotrast and radiation therapy, is linked to an increased risk of mesothelioma. While not definitive, evidence supports a causal relationship between radiation and this cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma globally.
  • Alternative etiological factors, including ionizing radiation, are increasingly recognized.
  • Mesothelioma risk is generally low in the population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize epidemiological evidence on the association between ionizing radiation exposure and mesothelioma risk.
  • To evaluate the strength of evidence supporting a causal link between radiation and mesothelioma.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of epidemiology studies.
  • Inclusion of data from Thorotrast patients, radiation therapy patients, and atomic energy workers.
  • Consideration of case reports and plausible biological mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Statistically significant associations between ionizing radiation exposure and mesothelioma were observed in multiple studies, especially those involving Thorotrast and therapeutic radiation.
  • Case reports corroborate findings from epidemiological studies.
  • Limitations in historical mesothelioma reporting (pre-ICD-10) were noted.

Conclusions:

  • The evidence, including statistically significant findings and case reports, supports a causal link between ionizing radiation exposure and an increased risk of mesothelioma.
  • Further research utilizing standardized classification systems (ICD-10) will enhance the power to detect associations.