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Related Concept Videos

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
Graded Potential01:19

Graded Potential

Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

A developmental dissociation in compound summation following extinction.

Andreas Berg Storsve1, Rick Richardson

  • 1School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. astorsve@psy.unsw.edu.au

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
|May 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Young rats (postnatal day 18) show different fear extinction learning than older rats (postnatal day 25). This suggests developmental changes in how conditioned stimuli are updated during extinction.

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Fear extinction is crucial for adapting to changing environments.
  • Developmental differences in learning and memory processes are well-documented.
  • Understanding extinction across development informs therapeutic strategies for fear-related disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate developmental changes in Pavlovian fear extinction processes in rats.
  • To clarify the nature of associative changes during extinction across different developmental stages.
  • To utilize a compound test procedure to assess extinction recall.

Main Methods:

  • Rats at postnatal day 18 (PND18) and postnatal day 25 (PND25) underwent fear conditioning and extinction.
  • A compound test procedure compared responding to individual versus compound conditioned stimuli (CSs) after extinction.
  • Experiments controlled for initial CS-US association strength and perceptual processing of compound stimuli.

Main Results:

  • PND25 rats demonstrated compound summation, indicating effective extinction recall.
  • PND18 rats did not show compound summation, suggesting impaired extinction recall.
  • Developmental differences were not attributable to conditioning strength or stimulus perception.

Conclusions:

  • Significant developmental differences exist in fear extinction recall.
  • Younger rats (PND18) exhibit less associative change to CSs during extinction compared to older rats (PND25).
  • These findings highlight the dynamic nature of extinction learning throughout development.